Cyanobacteria, popularly known as blue-green algae, are prokaryotic bacteria that resemble algae because they perform photosynthesis. These organisms are among the oldest living beings on the planet, with an existence spanning over 3 billion years!

Naturally present in rivers, lakes, and marine environments, cyanobacteria are part of the ecological balance of aquatic ecosystems. However, when there is an excess of nutrients (mainly phosphorus and nitrogen), high luminosity, and low water flow, cyanobacteria can multiply rapidly, causing blooms and the release of cyanotoxins. These events cause serious environmental, sanitary, and economic impacts, posing a risk to drinking water supply, recreation, and fishing.

Figure 1 - Cyanobacteria bloom in a pond

Source: Genetica Bioscience

The toxins produced by this group of bacteria affect the skin (dermatotoxins), liver (hepatotoxins), nervous system (neurotoxins), and may have a carcinogenic effect. Furthermore, they cause color, taste, and odor in the water.

Video 1 - Microcystis sp. cyanobacteria are capable of producing toxins, such as microcystins, which have hepatotoxic effects.

Source: Genetica Bioscience

To assess the integrity of aquatic ecosystems and water quality, the quantification and identification of cyanobacteria are necessary for decision-making.

For this purpose, analyses of chlorophyll-a, a pigment found in all photosynthetic organisms, and microscopy analysis are performed to determine the algal biomass, identify the cyanobacteria genera present, and evaluate their toxic potential.

Figure 2 - Microscopy analysis of microalgae and cyanobacteria

Source: Genetica Bioscience

Aiming at the maintenance and integrity of aquatic ecosystems, CONAMA Resolution 357 (BRASIL, 2005), which deals with fresh, brackish, and saline waters in the national territory, defines cyanobacteria density values according to the water class.

Meanwhile, CONAMA Resolution 274 (BRASIL, 2000), which addresses bathing water conditions, establishes restrictions on primary contact recreation when toxicity or the formation of scum resulting from cyanobacterial or other organism blooms is verified, but does not establish limit values.

The analytical methods used by Genetica Bioscience are capable of identifying and quantifying the presence of these organisms to aid in decision-making and compliance with required legislation. Contact us and request an analysis to evaluate microalgae and cyanobacteria!

Figure 3 - Chlorophyll-a analysis in a water sample

Source: Genetica Bioscience

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